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Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (c. 1043 – 1099) was a Castilian nobleman and military leader in medieval Spain. He was called El Cid (''the Lord'') by the Moors and El Campeador (''the Outstanding Warrior'') by Christians. He was born in Vivar, a town near the city of Burgos. After his death, he became the legendary national hero of Castile, and the protagonist of ''Cantar de Mio Cid'', a medieval Spanish epic poem. Born a member of the minor nobility, El Cid was brought up at the court of King Ferdinand the Great and served in the household of Ferdinand's son Sancho. He rose to become commander and the royal standard-bearer (''armiger regis'') of Castile upon Sancho's ascension in 1065. He went on to lead the Castilian military campaigns against Sancho's brothers, the rulers of the kingdoms of Leon and Galicia as well as against the Muslim kingdoms in Al-Andalus. He became famous for his military prowess in these campaigns, and helped enlarge Castilian territory at the expense of the Muslims while driving Sancho's brothers from their thrones. This, however, ended up putting him in a difficult position when suddenly, in 1072, Sancho was murdered and with no legitimate issue leaving his recently ousted brother, Alfonso, as his only heir and ruler of the reunified empire. Although El Cid continued to serve the crown in the person of Alfonso, who was now Emperor of Spain, he lost his status in court and was held in suspicion. Finally, in 1081, he was ordered into exile. Rodrigo Díaz found work fighting for the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, whom he protected from the domination of Aragon and Barcelona, further bolstering his military record and reputation as a leader. He was also victorious in battles against the Muslim rulers of Lérida and their Christian allies, as well as against a large Christian army under King Sancho Ramírez of Aragon. In 1086, Alfonso was defeated by Almoravids from North Africa, and he overcame his antagonism to talk El Cid into fighting for him again. Over the next several years El Cid set his sights on the kingdom-city of Valencia, operating more or less independently of Alfonso while politically supporting the Banu Hud and other Muslim dynasties opposed to the Almoravids. He gradually increased his control over Valencia; the Islamic ruler, al-Qadir, became his tributary in 1092. However, the Almoravids instigated an uprising that resulted in the death of al-Qadir – he responded by laying siege to the city. Valencia finally fell in 1094 and El Cid established an independent principality in the eastern Mediterranean coast of Spain. He ruled over a pluralistic state with the popular support of both Christians and Muslims. The final years of El Cid were spent in fighting the Almoravid Berbers. He inflicted the first major defeat on them in 1094 in the plains of Caurte outside Valencia and continued resisting them until his death. Although El Cid himself remained undefeated in Valencia, he suffered a tragedy when his only son and heir, Diego Rodríguez, died fighting against the Almoravids in the service of Alfonso in 1097. After El Cid's death in 1099, his wife, Jimena Díaz, succeeded him as ruler of Valencia, but she had to surrender the principality to the Almoravids in 1102. Long after his death, El Cid remains an idolised figure in Spain. The character and his name have been immortalized in plays, film, folk tales, songs, and videogames. ==Title== The name ''El Cid'' () is a modern Spanish denomination composed by the article ''el'' meaning "the" and ''Cid'' which comes from the Old Castilian loan word ''Çid'' from the dialectal Arabic word سيد ''sîdi'' or sayyid, which means "Lord" or "Master". He could be so addressed by the Mozarabs or by the Arabs serving in his own ranks, and then its transliteration was adopted by the Christians, but no contemporary record referring to Rodrigo as ''Cid'' has been found. Arab sources use instead ''Rudriq'', ''Ludriq al-Kanbiyatur'' or ''al-Qanbiyatur'' (''Rodrigo el Campeador'').〔María Jesús Viguera Molins, «El Cid en las fuentes árabes», in César Hernández Alonso (coord.), ''Actas del Congreso Internacional el Cid, Poema e Historia (12–16 de julio de 1999)'', Ayuntamiento de Burgos, 2000, págs. 55–92. ISBN 84-87876-41-2〕 The cognomen ''Campeador'' given by his Christian countrymen derives from Latin ''campi doctor'' that means "battlefield master". He probably gained it during the campaigns of King Sancho II of Castile against his brothers King Alfonso VI of León and King García II of Galicia. While there are no contemporary documents proving that he was addressed as ''Cid'', there are many Christian and Arab records addressing him as ''Campeador'', even autographs which prove that he used the cognomen himself.〔See Ramón Menéndez Pidal, («Autógrafos inéditos del Cid y de Jimena en dos diplomas de 1098 y 1101» ), ''Revista de Filología Española'', t. 5 (1918), Madrid, Sucesores de Hernando, 1918. Digital copy Valladolid, Junta de Castilla y León. Consejería de Cultura y Turismo. Dirección General de Promociones e Instituciones Culturales, 2009–2010. Original in Archivo de la Catedral de Salamanca, caja 43, legajo 2, n.º 72.〕〔Alberto Montaner Frutos y Ángel Escobar, «El ''Carmen Campidoctoris'' y la materia cidiana», in ''Carmen Campidoctoris o Poema latino del Campeador'', Madrid, Sociedad Estatal España Nuevo Milenio, 2001, pág. 73 (). ISBN 978-84-95486-20-2〕〔Alberto Montaner Frutos, («Rodrigo el Campeador como ''princeps'' en los siglos XI y XII» )〕〔Georges Martin («El primer testimonio cristiano sobre la toma de Valencia (1098)» ), en el (número monográfico «Rodericus Campidoctor» ) de la revista electrónica (''e-Spania'' ), n.º 10 (diciembre de 2010). Online since 22 January 2011. Last time visited November 28th 2011. Complete text (Edition of the Latin text) in José Luis Martín Martín ''& al.'', (''Documentos de los Archivos Catedralicio y Diocesano de Salamanca (siglos XII-XIII)'', Salamanca, Universidad, 1977, doc. 1, p. 79-81 ).〕 The whole combination ''Cid Campeador'' is first documented ca. 1195 in the Navarro-Aragonese ''Linage de Rodric Díaz'' included in the ''Liber Regum'' under the formula ''mio Cid el Campeador''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「El Cid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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